Artificial seeds

Today the used of micropropogation is in the peek . Due to this method we can grow plant in anonymous amount of plants in any condition. For this the method is first evolve named multiplication. 

The multiplication is methode where we can used only cell of plant from any of there organ ( stem, leaf,roots) these named is known as plant organ. In the laboratory scientist used a cell of plant from any organ used in the lab culture we can say culture medium. And this cell prolifirat into the culture media. And become into the plant due to propogation. Due to this this process named as many name for example-

CLONE PROPOGATION 

MICROPROPOGATION

MULTIPLICATION

VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION. etc

The micropropogation or multiplication of heterozygous genotypes is of necessity by vegetative propogation. In this only involved of mitotic cell division. Or as name clone propogation the progeny is obtained by vegetative propogation of a single individual is a Clone. 

And the proper defenation is :-

 Members of a single clone have the same genotype different varieties of vegetative propagated plants are distinct clones and this is achieved by cutting, budding, grafting, etc. And this tissue culture also enables rapid clone propagation of plants this process is called micropropogation. 

This is used in commercially in several world . And this is the huge success in biotechnology. They grow a big amount of banana which is not produce seeds. 

But micropropogation have some drawback micropropogation is not work on woody trees for example, poor growth in vitro , deterioration in subculture,  difficulties in rooting , browning of medium culture, fungi and bacteria present in the plant tissue which causing contamination besides from this juveline or seedlings explants of woody species are quite responsive, but explants from mature tree are quit risky in terms of rooting. 

Due to this drawback scientists introduce somatic embryogenesis  . Somatic embryogenesis has been used for micropropogation of several plant species and those which is difficult to produce for example - oil palm tree, date palm, etc . Let me introduce the term name protocorms . Protocorms cymbidium, vanda, cattleya are produced round bodies similar to the protocorms formed produce by embryos during seed germination, these bodies are also called protocorms. In somatic embryogenesis those species for which protocols for regeneration have been refined, for special species like alfalfa, carrot, yellow-poplar, Norway spruce , etc. Somatic embryogenesis have very high rate of micropropogation for example 11 of suspension culture may contain 1.35 × 10⁶ carrot somatic embryogenesis. 

Now it's term to know how introduced artificial seeds. Definition of artificial seeds it is bead like structure of gel containing a somatic embryo or shoot bud, and the nutrients, growth regulators, pesticides, antibiotics, etc. Artificial seeds may be produced by any one ways 

1- desiccated system

2- hydrated system

In the desiccated system, sometic embryogenesis are we can say first hardened to with desiccation and then are capsulated in a suitable coating material to yield desiccated artificial seeds. 

Somatic embryogenesis may be Hardened either by coating mature somatic embryogenesis with a suitable polymer followed by drying treating them with ABA during their maturation phase. 

Now let's talk about  what is inside the artificial seeds.

In the hydrated system, somatic embryogenesis are enclosed in gels , so that it's remain hydrated . And so many gels evaluated , calcium alginate is the most suitable. Artificial seeds are made by

2% solution of sodium alginate is filed in a burrette and allowed to drip drop with the help of drop into 100mM CaCl2 solution. As the sodium alginate bead forms at the tip of the burette , somatic embryogenesis is inserted into it with the help of a spatula . Before the drop falls into the CaCl2 solution. Whithin 20-30 min, Beads become hardened  as calcium alginate is formed . After that the artificial seeds are removed, washed with clean water and used for planting. 

Drawback

Artificial seeds are very sticky and it's difficult to handle in large amount , and it's become dry in open air. Due to this these occur problem. For resolving this problem a waxy coating is provided over the  beads.  

Basically , a desiccated system may be used to produce artificial seeds instead of hydrated seeds becouse it's easy ti carry. However , it is not possible to store . It can be store in low temperature and for limited periods of time. Hydrated artificial seeds, have to be planted soon after they are produced.